Comparative analysis of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a prospective study on surgical team and operating room personnel satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the efficacy and complications of combined spinalepidural anesthesia and general anesthesia in percutaneous stone surgery prospectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study prospectively included patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy with general anesthesia (Group.1) or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (Group.2) at the Department of Urology, Training and Research Hospital, Karabuk University. between December 2018 and December 2019. The effect of the anesthesia technique on the comfort and satisfaction of the operating room personnel, surgeon and anesthesia team were prospectively evaluated and recorded. RESULTS: During the postoperative period, the spinal anesthesia group had a significantly lower visual analog score than the general anesthesia group. No patient in either group required narcotic analgesics during the postoperative period. In terms of overall satisfaction scores, the surgeon performing the surgical procedure had a significantly higher satisfaction score in the general anesthesia group than in the CSEA group. The score was considered good in the general anesthesia group and moderate in the CSEA group. Personnel satisfaction was higher in the patient group that underwent CSEA. In the general anesthesia group, the score was considered to be average. In the CSEA group, the satisfaction score was considered good, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The anesthesia team's satisfaction score was moderate, with no significant difference between the CSEA and general anesthesia groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: PCNL under CSEA can be performed safely in certain individuals. Different anesthetic techniques may have varied levels of satisfaction among the surgical team.

Hydrocele with Paratesticular Liposarcoma.

Paratesticular liposarcoma (PLS) is a rare type of genitourinary malignancy in the spermatic cord presenting as scrotal swelling. In this case study, we report an 82-year male who presented with prolonged left scrotal swelling and pain that did not respond to analgesic treatment for one week. His ultrasound confirmed increased fluid content in the left scrotal compartment in the form of septated hydrocele, and hydrocelectomy was planned. During the operation, infected fluid was drained. The testicle and surrounding tissues were infected; hence, left orchiectomy was performed. The pathological examination revealed a dedifferentiated liposarcoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of liposarcoma of the spermatic cord with hydrocele in the literature. Key Words: Liposarcoma, Spermatic cord, Scrotal swelling, Hydrocele.

Reconstruction of Scrotal Skin Defects Using Bilobed Pudendal Flap.

Background: Due to its unique cosmetic appearance and functioning, scrotal skin offers a major clinical challenge in terms of reconstruction. Thus, successful reconstruction of scrotal skin should include both provision of pliable texture and protection of testicular functions. Skin grafts and flaps are important options for such reconstruction; however, they both have unique features that bring about specific limitations and specific problems. Aims and Objectives: In the light of the negativities related to the widely used skin grafts and flaps, this study aims to discuss the use of bilobed pudendal flap-a simple, uniform, and pliable tissue-for the first time in the related literature for the reconstruction of scrotal skin defects caused by Fournier's gangrene. Materials and Methods: This study was performed using the single-step method of scrotal skin reconstruction on eight patients who had developed scrotal skin defects and underwent reconstruction by using three-dimensional bilobed pudendal flaps (defect and reconstructive tissues planned on different planes) from December 2016 to August 2019. Results: No complication such as infection, bleeding, hematoma, partial or complete flap loss, scar contraction, urinary problem, erectile dysfunction or discomfort, or sensation loss was observed in seven out of eight study patients. The only complication to have developed in one patient was minimal dehiscence, which was then corrected by restoration. Conclusion: Repair of scrotal skin defect using a three-dimensional bilobed pudendal flap enabled an elastic scrotal repair acceptable in sensorial and visual terms.

Comparison of retrograde intrarenal surgery and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in multiple calyceal stones: A match pair analysis of 190 cases. / Comparación entre cirugía retrograda intrarenal (CRIR) y nefrolitotomía percutánea (NLP) en litiasis caliciales múltiples: análisis pareado de 190 casos.

OBJECTIVES: The current nephrolithia-sis guidelines have no recommendation about multiple calyceal stones treatment. We aimed to compare the results of two effective methods of RIRS and PNL operations in the treatment of multicalyx stones. METHODS: Data of patients who underwent RIRS or PNL for multicalyx stones between September 2014 and May 2019 in our clinic were evaluated retrospectively. In both groups, stone-free and complication rates, hospital stay, scopy times, and operation times were examined. In RIRS group, the number of sessions and total stone-free rates at the end of each session were evaluated separately. RESULTS: A total of 162 patients in the RIRS group, and 103 patients in the PNL group were evaluated. After the match pair 1:1, data of 95 patients were selected in each group. Stone burden, number, density, ASA scores, BMI were similar in both groups. At the end of the first session RIRS, 59 (62.1%) patients became stone-free, while in the PNL group 73 (76.8%) patients (p: 0.027). The statistical analysis showed that the stone-free rates obtained in the second sessions in the RIRS group were similar to those of the PNL group. After a total of 124 sessions of RIRS, a stone-free rate of 81.1% was achieved by 1.3 sessions on average. CONCLUSION: At least two session of RIRS is as effective as PNL on multiple calyceal stones. Stage RIRS can be an alternative to PNL at multicalyceal renal stones.

OBJETIVOS: Las guías actuales de nefrolitiasis no tienen recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento de litiasis caliciares múltiples. Nuestro objetivo es comparar los resultados de 2 métodos de tratamiento efectivos de CRIR y NLP en el tratamiento de litiasis mul-ticaliciares.MÉTODOS: Los datos de pacientes que recibieron CRIR y NLP para el tratamiento de litiasis múltiples caliciares entre septiembre 2014 y mayo 2019 en nuestra clínica, fueron evaluados retrospectivamente. En ambos grupos, la tasa libre de litiasis y las complicaciones, la estancia hospitalaria, el tiempo de escopia, y el tiempo quirúrgico fueron examinados. En el grupo CRIR, el número de sesiones y la tasa libre de litiasis al final de cada sesión fueron evaluadas de forma independiente. RESULTADOS: Un total de 162 pacientes en el grupo CRIR y 103 en el grupo NLP fueron evaluados. Después del emparejamiento de pacientes 1:1, los datos de 95 pacientes fueron seleccionados en cada grupo. El volumen litiásico, número, densidad, ASA, IMC fueron similares entre grupos. Al final de la primera sesión de CRIR, 59 (62%) pacientes llegaron a ser libres de litiasis, mientras que en grupo de NLP fueron 73 (76/8%) (p=0,027). El análisis estadístico demostró que las tasas libres de litiasis obtenidas en la segunda sesión de CRIR fueron similares a las de NLP. Después de un total de 124 sesiones de CRIR, la tasa libre de litiasis fue de 81,8% en una media de 1,3 sesiones. CONCLUSIONES: Como mínimo dos sesiones de CRIR es tan efectivo como una NLP en litiasis calicares múltiples. CRIR en múltiples sesiones puede ser una alternativa a la NLP para litiasis caliciares múltiples.

The effect of fear of covid-19 transmission on male sexual behaviour: A cross-sectional survey study.

INTRODUCTION: In December 2019, cases of pneumonia, a new type of corona virus (SARS-CoV-2), began to be reported in Wuhan, China. We aimed to evaluate changes in sexual behaviour of men in the Covid-19 outbreak in Turkey. MATERIAL-METHOD: In our cross-sectional and descriptive study, an online questionnaire evaluating sexual habits during the Covid-19 outbreak was conducted on the men living in the Western Black Sea Region between 8 and 25 June6 2020. In the questionnaire, questions were asked to evaluate the sociodemographic data of the participants, their comprehensive medical history, their sexual preferences, their family and social life during the Covid-19 outbreak, their concerns about Covid-19 and their changes in their sexual behaviour after the Covid-19 outbreak. RESULTS: A total of 536 participants with mean age of 38.6 ± 10.3 years were included in the study. 23.9% (128) respondents stated that they had the fear of transmitting Covid-19 to their partner during sexual intercourse. It was observed that 19.4% (104) of the participants developed a fear of Covid-19 transmission from her sexual partner during the relationship. While the number of weekly sexual intercourse of the participants before the pandemic was 2.34 ± 1.35, this number was found to be 1.54 ± 1.45 during the epidemic period (P = .001). CONCLUSION: The fear of infection and transmission of the disease to the partner that occurs during the Covid-19 pandemic manifests itself in the form of a decrease in the frequency and quality of sexual intercourse.

Outcomes with ureteral access sheath in retrograde intrarenal surgery: a retrospective comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Retrograde intrarenal surgery is used for treatment of urinary system stones. The ureteral access sheath (UAS) is used to decrease intrapelvic pressure, help with access of multiple instruments, and facilitate drainage and removal of the fragmented stones. OBJECTIVE: Assess the effect of the UAS on the outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery. DESIGN: A retrospective patient data review. SETTING: Training and research hospital in Turkey. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the data of patients who had undergone retrograde intrarenal surgery between 2012-2019. Patients who had kidney anomalies, were <18 years old, and who had ureteral and urethral strictures were excluded from the study. The demographic characteristics, stone type, complications, intraoperative and postoperative data of the patients were reviewed. A successful outcome was defined as being stone free or having clinically insignificant residual fragments (<3 mm). The use of the UAS was compared with other procedures in terms of efficiency and safety. Factors determining UAS usage were assessed by multivariate analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stone free rate and complication rate in patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery. SAMPLE SIZE: 1808 patients met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The UAS was used in 1489 procedures, while other methods were used in 319 procedures. Operation time was 46.9 (17.3) minutes and 42.9 (19.0) minutes with other methods. Postoperative double J stent usage rates were 88.2% and 63% in the UAS and other methods, respectively. The rate of successful outcome was 88.2% and 81.2% in the UAS and other methods, respectively (P<.001). The rate of complications was similar in both groups (P=.543). In a multivariate analysis, UAS usage was directly proportional with stone size and inversely proportional with preoperative JJ stent usage CONCLUSION: The UAS can be effectively and successfully used in retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of urinary system stones. UAS usage should be considered for the patients who have large stones (2 cm) and do not have a preoperative double J stent. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Safety and efficacy of retrograde intrarenal surgery in geriatric patients by age groups.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of aging on the success rate of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and the development of medical and surgical complications by dividing geriatric patients into subgroups based on their chronological age. METHOD: Data of the patients who underwent RIRS due to kidney stones at our clinic between June 2014 and January 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups based on age: 65-74 years (Group 1), 75-84 years (Group 2), and ≥ 85 years (Group 3). The comorbid diseases of patients were evaluated using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), total Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) score, and CIRS severity index (CIRS-G SI). RIRS success rates and complications were evaluated based on age groups. RESULTS: A total of 336 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 72.7 ± 6.59 years. Stone-free rate was 81.5% in patients aged > 65 years and did not change with age. The modified Clavien-Dindo grade I/II complication rates for surgical complications were similar in all three groups (p = 0.818). In the evaluation of ROC analysis for medical complications, it was observed that the cut-off values were 76.5 years, CIRS-G score of 4.5, CCI score of 2.5, and CIRS-SI score of 1.18 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: RIRS is an effective and safe treatment option for kidney and proximal ureteral stones in geriatric patients. Although there is an increase in medical complications post-RIRS with aging, surgical complications and stone-free rates remain unchanged.

Effect of Puppet Show on Children's anxiety and pain levels during the circumcision operation: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical procedures are the most common causes of anxiety and pain in hospitalized children. One of the most common surgical procedures for children is circumcision. Surgical procedures such as circumcision in hospitals are the most common causes of pain, fear, and anxiety in children. Therapeutic play methods as non-pharmacological applications are being developed recently for children who use analgesics in the treatment of pain and anxiety. Nurses can use the game in three areas such as a care strategy for hospitalized children during daily routine practices, surgery, and invasive or painful treatment procedures. An extensive literature review revealed that there were therapeutic game plays performed before and after the surgical procedure. Nonetheless, no therapeutic game play performed during the surgical procedure were reported. In addition, no reported study of puppet show which is one of the therapeutic game methods were found. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the puppet show demonstrated to 7-11 years old children during circumcision on the anxiety and pain level of children. DESIGN: The study was designed as a randomized controlled experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population of the study was the children between 7 and 11 years of old and being circumcised in the urology clinic at Research and Training Hospital in Karabük Turkey between 1 May and 1 September 2017. A total of 81 (experimental group: 40, control group: 41) children were included in the study. "Participant Information Form", "Wong Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale" and "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children" were used as implemented in the literature. RESULTS: The median pain score of the experimental group during and after the procedure was statistically lower than the control group. The level of anxiety during and after the procedure in the experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the pre-treatment level and the level of anxiety after the procedure showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the procedure. In the control group, while the level of anxiety during the procedure showed a statistically significant increase compared to the pre-treatment level, the level of anxiety after the procedure showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the one during the procedure. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the puppet show performed during the circumcision procedure was effective in reducing the pain and anxiety that developed during the circumcision and continued after the procedure.

Ureteral Access Sheath Application Without Fluoroscopy in Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results and complications of the two techniques of ureteral access sheath application, with and without using fluoroscopy. STUDY DESIGN: A comparative study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Urology, Karabuk University Medical Faculty Training and Research Hospital and Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazid Training and Research Hospital between April 2014 and January 2018. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective evaluation was made of patients applied with retrograde intrarenal surgery using ureteral access sheath (UAS). In Group 1, defined method were used for UAS application without using scopy. In Group 2, following semi-rigid ureterorenoscopy, localisation of guidewire was checked with fluoroscopy. UAS was advanced to ureter over guidewire under fluoroscopy imaging. RESULTS: Success rate of UAS placement was similar in both groups (p=0.747). The time of UAS placement was 14.75 secs in Group 1 and 14.99 secs in group 2 (p=0.073). Fluoroscopy was not used at all during UAS placement in Group 1. In Group 2, the mean duration of fluoroscopy use was 9.93±3.89 secs. Total stone-free rate was 82.09% and 83.28% in Group 1 and 2, respectively. (p=0.653). CONCLUSION: The method described in this paper provides protection against radiation exposure for both the patient and the operating team; and prevents potential complications by enabling clear evaluation of ureteral orifice. Key Words: Renal stone surgery, Retrograde intrarenal surgery, Radiation protection, Flouroscopy, Radiation free.

A different perspective for morbidity related to Fournier's gangrene: which scoring system is more reliable to predict requirement of skin graft and flaps in survivors of Fournier's gangrene?

PURPOSE: To identify the prognostic factors that might predict morbidity related to Fournier's gangrene (FG) and particularly requirement of skin grafting and flaps. We also evaluated the validities of different severity indexes. METHODS: Thirty male patients with complete data who were treated for FG between January 2012 and December 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index (FGSI), Uludag Fournier Gangrene Severity Index (UFGSI) and Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (ACCI), Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score, the Combined Urology and Plastics Index (CUPI) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were calculated for 27 surviving patients. These patients were divided into two groups: Group I (14 patients with primary skin closure) and Group II (13 patients with requiring skin grafting and flaps). RESULTS: Body temperature (p = 0.026), heart rate (p < 0.001), respiratory rate (p = 0.029), creatinine (p = 0.002), white blood cell count (p = 0.014), hemoglobin levels (p = 0.018), involvement of pelvic floor or beyond (p = 0.018), length of hospital stay (p = 0.049), previous endourologic instrumentation (p = 0.035), requirement of cystostomy (p = 0.041), colostomy (p = 0.046), orchiectomy (p = 0.034) and intensive care unit (p = 0.046) were found to be significantly higher in Group II. All six different scoring systems were significantly higher in the patients who underwent skin grafting and flaps. In multivariate analysis, heart rate, FGSI, UFGSI, NLR, requirement of colostomy and intensive care unit were determined as independent factors for predicting requirement of skin grafting and flaps. CONCLUSION: FGSI, UFGSI and NLR are more reliable parameters for predicting skin reconstruction method (with the threshold values of 4.5, 5.5, and 7.87, respectively).

Fixation of the glans penis and urethral catheter to the abdominal skin to avoid wound dehiscence after a hypospadias surgery: A comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of glanular and urethral catheter fixation to the abdominal skin on wound dehiscence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After a standard tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU) for hypospadias repair, 128 patients were divided into two groups based on glanular and urethral catheter fixation to the abdominal skin as follows: no glanular and urethral catheter fixation (Group A) and glanular and urethral catheter fixation (Group B). Groups A and B included 61 and 67 patients, respectively. RESULTS: No significant difference was determined between the groups with respect to age, meatal localization, and length of hospital stay. Wound dehiscence was noted in 13.1% and 2.9% patients in Groups A and B, respectively, after surgery (p=0.029, odds ratio=4.9). Patients in Group B had no excessive analgesic usage and unpleasant scarring due to the glans suture. CONCLUSION: Glanular and urethral catheter fixation to the lower abdominal skin considerably reduced wound dehiscence after hypospadias repair.

Penile degloving and dorsal dartos flap rotation approach for the management of isolated penile torsion.

OBJECTIVE: Penile torsion is a counterclockwise rotational anomaly of the penile shaft or glans. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of penile degloving and dorsal dartos flap rotation used for the repair of isolated penil torsion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During evaluation of the patients admitted to our polyclinic for circumcision between January 2013-December 2014, 5 cases of isolated penile torsion were determined. Following the circumcision procedure performed with bipolar cautery, patients undergoing penile degloving were checked whether penile torsion was relieved or not. In case of insufficient improvement, torsion was corrected with application of dorsal dartos flap. Penile torsion was corrected with dartos flap in 2, and penile degloving in 3 cases. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 5.6 years (4-7), and the mean operative time 12 minutes (7-20), respectively. The mean operation time was 17.5 (15-20) minutes and 8.3 (7-10) minutes in the dorsal dartos flap and penile degloving groups, respectively. The preoperative mean degree of penile torsion was 50° (30°-70°). The mean degree of torsion was 65° and 40° in the dorsal dartos and penile degloving groups, respectively. During the postoperative follow up, 1 case of residual torsion (<10°) was observed in the dorsal dartos flap group. Residual torsion was not observed in other patients. CONCLUSION: Exploration for isolated cases of penile torsion during the circumcision procedure should not be overlooked. Successful results can be obtained with penile degloving and dartos flap rotation in cases with low and moderate torsion.